Resource Directory

This research analysed peer reviewed literature on development corridors, in response to three key questions:(i) how impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services are assessed; (ii) what mitigation measures are discussed to manage these impacts; and (iii) to what extent do these measures approximate to best practice. Conclusive evidence suggests from this analysis that academic literature on development corridors does not give sufficient consideration to comprehensive mitigation of biodiversity impacts. To change this, impact assessment research needs to acknowledge the complexity of such multi-project and multi-stakeholder initiatives, quantify biodiversity losses due to the full suite of their potential direct, indirect and cumulative impacts, and follow all the steps of the mitigation hierarchy impact framework.

Key findings and lessons learned from across the research and capacity building initiatives of the Development Corridors Partnership

This policy brief identifies a critical need to decouple economic growth from the extraction and use of natural resources. Infrastructure development is particularly resource intensive, and contributes heavily to the global material footprint. Increasing the resource efficiency of infrastructure can be a major driver of the transition to sustainable development. It is now vital that policymakers and planners recognize the interlinkages between natural resources, material resource use, and the diverse and complex systems of infrastructure that are required to support economic and human development.

The evidence provided in this publication indicates that existing tools to assess and plan development corridors exist, but they are rarely used effectively and often fail to sufficiently influence decision makers. This results in corridors failing to achieve development objectives while potentially undermining ecological integrity. With capacity development in mind, the unifying theme of this publication is recognition of the need to improve the quality of corridor policies, plans, programmes and projects by ensuring that they include the necessary environmental and social scrutiny based on the evidence provided by rigorous research.

The large-scale expansion of built infrastructure is profoundly reshaping the geographies of Africa, generating lock-in patterns of development for future generations. Understanding the impact of these massive investments can allow development opportunities to be maximised and therefore be critical for attaining the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and African Union’s Agenda 2063 aims. However, until now information on the types, scope, and timing of investments, their evolution and spatial-temporal impact was dispersed amongst various agencies. We developed a database of 79 development corridors across Africa, synthesizing data from multiple sources covering 184 projects on railways, wet and dry ports, pipelines, airports, techno-cities, and industrial parks. The georeferenced interlinked tabular and spatial database includes 22 attributes. We expect this database will improve coordination, efficiency, monitoring, oversight, strategic planning, transparency, and risk assessments, among other uses for investment banks, governments, impact assessment practitioners, communities, conservationists, economists, and regional economic bodies.

This module (Module 2) will enable you to critically assess the sustainability of corridor decisions in light of the social and environmental risks and opportunities, exemplified through Kenyan and Tanzanian corridor case studies in Module 1. Comprehensive social and environmental considerations should be included by corridor financiers from the earliest stages of a project, for the best chances of mitigating biodiversity and ecosystems service loss, as well as establishing equitable social benefits. Financiers should also plan for iterative negotiation stages to enable more sustainable, inclusive, equitable benefits to result from the construction of development corridors for people and nature. The good news is that many of the tools needed for development banks and financing bodies to improve decision-making for more sustainable outcomes are available, accessible and ready to be used. Now, you have the opportunity to explore a selection of these tools and resources and assess how you might enhance sustainability within development initiatives

This module, Module 1, is split into three Sections based on corridor development stages, namely Planning, Implementation, and Monitoring and Evaluation, explored under sub-sections focused on People, Nature, and Climate. Each section will also have recommended tools and solutions at the end of each stage, as well as many links to additional reading and resources. You will then be able to apply these learnings in Module 2.

The aim of this brochure is to share a summary of the main findings from the Development Corridors Partnership, presenting the key messages our research team have formulated along the way.

Lender safeguards can play a key role in addressing biodiversity risks associated with infrastructure corridors. This research highlights how safeguards developed by international finance institutions e.g. IFC PS6, go well beyond the regulatory Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements found in most countries used to mitigate environmental and social risks associated with the developments. Detailed recommendations are provided including ways to improve uneven lender requirements, landscape-level planning, and application, testing and adaptation of mitigation measures.

The colonial and post-colonial large-scale agriculture has brought the far-ranging implications on the local population in Tanzania. These include dispossession of land, dislocation of migrant labourers who are also subjected to poor work conditions and induced imbalances in terms of gender and ethnic relations. The government and other actors in Tanzania have strived to reduce the effects by fostering inclusive large-scale agriculture that benefit the small-scale farmers. This includes the move to initiate a 20-year public-private partnership on large-scale agribusiness namely Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SACGOT) in 2010. Serious concerns were raised against SAGCOT especially on the extent to which it entails uprooting and taking away lands from poor rural dwellers and turning them into poorly paid casual labourers thus increasing poverty and food insecurity. Consequently, the coordinating unit of SAGCOT vowed to improve food security to hundreds of thousands of poor farmers. The primary research was designed to examine the inclusivity aspects of the six selected largescale investment schemes under the SAGCOT partnership. The Responsible Agriculture Investment (RAI) Framework was employed to assess sustainable labour practices, community engagements and fairness in out-grower arrangements. While the investment schemes demonstrated a fairly positive outlook pertaining to social sustainability under the RAI framework, a notable variation was observed across the six schemes in relation to specific RAI indicators. For instance, a company that demonstrated the outstanding performance in corporate social responsibility also performed poorly in the domain of wages and employee relations. A set of sustainability benchmarks developed jointly by the SAGCOT Center and civil society organizations and implemented on voluntary basis by a few member investors need to be harmonized and monitored across all investment schemes. This is especially important for the small-scale sub-contracted firms which lacked the requisite skills and capacity to engage in a more sustainable manner.